Additional index words

germplasm, apples, walnuts, peach, grapes, plums, almonds, apricots, pistachios, breeding

Introduction

Central Asia was largely isolated from the western world from the early 1800s until 1991, when the former Soviet Union was dissolved. During this time, many research institutions were established to work on economically important crop species and to amass large and unique germplasm collections, including the Uzbek Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry (former branch of VIR) and Uzbek Scientific Research Institute of Cotton Breeding and Seed Production.

Additional index words

germplasm, apples, walnuts, peach, grapes, plums, almonds, apricots, pistachios, breeding

Introduction

Central Asia was largely isolated from the western world from the early 1800s until 1991, when the former Soviet Union was dissolved.  During this time, many research institutions were established to work on economically important cop species and to amass large and unique germplasm collections, including the Uzbek Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry (former branch of VIR) and Uzbek Scientific Research Institute of Cotton Breeding and Seed Production.

Additional index words

Corylus avellana, Anisogramma anomala, hazelnut breeding, disease
resistance

Abstract

Six hundred five hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) seedlings from a diverse germplasm collection made in the Russian Federation and the Crimean peninsula of the Ukraine were inoculated with the eastern filbert blight (EFB) pathogen Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Mu¨ ller and their responses evaluated. Responses were rated on a scale of 0 to 5, in which 0 represents no sign of EFB and 5 represents all branches exhibiting cankers. At final evaluation, eight seedlings showed no signs of the pathogen or symptoms of the disease. Five additional seedlings expressed only very minor signs of the pathogen (rating = 1). The remainder ranged in disease expression from moderately to severely infected to dead with 89.7% (470 of 524) of the surviving seedlings rating 4 or 5. Of the 13 apparently resistant seedlings (rating 0 or 1), seven originated from nuts purchased from roadside vendors near Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine; five from nuts purchased at an outdoor market near Krasnodar, Russia; and one from nuts obtained from the hazelnut breeding program of the Nikita Botanical Gardens, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers generated by the primers UBC 152800 and OP AA12850, which are tightly linked to the single dominant resistance gene ‘Gasaway’, were not present in all 13 resistant seedlings, providing support, along with their geographic origins, that they represent novel sources of genetic resistance to EFB.

Introduction

A private foundation, founded by Dr. Reed Funk of Rutgers University, has planted thousands of nut trees in Southeast Idaho in hopes they can put a damper on world hunger, expand agricultural options to farmers in the Intermountain West and create another source for biodiesel fuels.

The majority of planting began in 2002. Bryan Dayton, the plant breeding director, and Ken Turner, the farm manager of the foundation, reside in Richmond, Utah, and have researched nut-producing tree characteristics. They are searching for nut trees that are adapted to the high alkaline soil and the high desert climates of Southeast Idaho and Northern Utah.

Additional index words

germplasm collection, breeding, cotton, cereal, fruit, melon, vegetable

Introduction

The Uzbek Research Institute of Plant Industry, located in Tashkent Province of the Republic of Uzbekistan, was established in 1924 by the renowned Russian plant collector and geneticist Nikolai I. Vavilov (1887-1943).  As director of the extensive Leningrad Institute of Applied Botany, Plant Genetics, and Breeding, Vavilov recognized that Central Asia was an important center of origin of many crop sepcies and subsequently developed the Central Asian Branch of the institute. 

Description.

An extensive presentation on the nut breeding program at Rutgers University covering black and Persian walnuts, heartnuts, pecans, hickories, chestnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, and more.  The presentation includes many pictures and findings of the program.

Abstract

Expanding the green revolution to meet the needs of a growing world will be both a great challenge and a growing world will be both a great challenge and a great opportunity for plant and soil scientists great opportunity for plant and soil scientists.  J. Russell Smith and others have shown that these J. Russell Smith and others have shown that these challenges can be met by using existing, well challenges can be met by using existing, well understood, and proven technologies understood, and proven technologies.  By building upon and implementing the vision of Smith By building upon and implementing the vision of Smith by developing perennial plants for food and by developing perennial plants for food and bioenergy bioenergy, we can move towards an prosperous bio we can move towards an prosperous bio-economy economy based on a productive sustainable agriculture, based on a productive sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, and more equitable worldwide renewable energy, and more equitable worldwide wealth distribution wealth distribution.

Additional index words

germplasm, breeding, peach, pear, plum, apricot, nuts 

Abstract

The Nikita Botanical Gardens (NBG), established in 1812, is the oldest botanical garden in the former Soviet Union. The NBG belongs to the Ukraine Academy of Agrarian Sciences and acts as a comprehensive scientific research institute, botanical garden, and tourist attraction. The core botanical garden is located near Yalta, on the Black Sea coast of the Crimean peninsula (Fig. 1). The NBG also has branch research stations within the Crimean peninsula and in the steppes o fthe Kherson oblast (oblast is synonymous with province).

Keywords
Corylus avellana, Corylus americana, hazelnut, eastern filbert blight, Anisogramma anomala, breeding

Abstract
Over the last century, many advances were made in the art and science of hazelnut improvement that clearly show the potential for developing well-adapted commercial quality hazelnuts for the eastern United States. At Rutgers University, we are using these advances to build an efficient and effective hazelnut breeding program. New Jersey’s geographic location and climate make it well suited for assessing the major limiting factors of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) culture in the northeastern U.S., which includes susceptibility to eastern filbert blight (Anisogramma anomala [Peck] E. Müller) and lack of cold hardiness. By utilizing previous eastern U.S. breeding efforts, access to a greatly expanded base of hazelnut germplasm, better understanding of eastern filbert blight, and recent advances in hazelnut genetics and breeding, it will be possible to significantly increase the usefulness of hazelnuts in New Jersey, the eastern U.S., and other climatically homologous areas.

Introduction

The senior botanist [Reed Funk] had some advice for the budding scientist [Tom Molnar]. "Pick a species to study, preferably one that is ignored." He know this would be the last student he would cousel in his long, acclaimed career.  "Find a problem with it, and work furiously on a solution as if you are racing against time."

Abstract

Chip budding and layering are two well known plant propagation techniques that can be effectively used on hazelnuts. Combining these techniques and following the steps below will allow you to propagate hazelnut clones of your choosing, on their own roots, in just one season. You must be able to successfully chip-bud to complete this method of propagation. While not unduly difficult, chip budding does require some practice before one can be successful a high percentage of the time. After your chip bud has callused and a resulting shoot has grown for a couple months, the base of this new shoot must be treated with rooting hormone to initiate root development in a process similar to air layering. The shoot should then be allowed to grow attached to the rootstock until the end of the growing season.  At this point it is ready to be detached and repotted as a rooted layer.

Abstract
Hazelnuts are one of the easiest of the northern nut species to use in controlled crosses. However, success requires following several basic steps. Since plant breeding is a long-term project it is most helpful to first do your homework on the species. This includes studying the literature and growing and observing the plants. From this you can develop appropriate breeding objectives, which are needed to make the most effective use of your time and resources. Next comes making hand pollinations between parents of your choosing, to subsequently grow the progeny and hopefully select seedlings that are an improvement over their parents (and other cultivars). A detailed guide to making hand pollinations with hazelnuts is described in this article.

Introduction

An eastern filbert blight resistance screening technique was developed that reduces the time required to identify susceptible Corylus avellana L. seedlings from the previously reported 14 to 16 months after inoculation to 6 to 7 months.  To accomplish this, hazelnuts were harvested at maturity, treated with GA3, germinated, and grown for about 8 weeks ....